Pitch out of greenside rough and flop out of greenside bunkers. When you've mastered that, you can read up on how a chip or flop might be better for certain shots out of the rough. Almost all noobs leave one-third of their near-green shots out of the rough short, never even getting onto the green because they use the default "chip" shot. The fact that "chip" is the default short-game shot is crazy. You should rarely use it. Even though I know how to use it, I probably pitch 25 times more than I chip because even if I'm in a situation where a chip could easily get me on the green, there is often some crazy junk going on near the edge of the greens, where it would land, and who knows what it's going to do when it hits that junk, so I'd rather pitch over it instead.
Shots all the way down to 25-yards (or even 20-yards with a 50-yard wedge) can be done with a full-swing on a short wedge. This is a better option than both pitch and flop.
In short, when it tells you to chip, you should most likely pitch, and when it tells you to pitch, you should most likely full swing (or punch.)
Also, realize that good players do not play how you play. We aren't usually doing what you do, except somehow magically ten times
better, but we are doing or analyzing something in an entirely different
way. Failure to get on the green from 12 ft off the green is common amongst noobs because they use the default chip shot, whereas good players know to pitch or flop. Complete noobs guess how hard to hit putts, but good players have read the "distance control" thread on putting or use a ruler and calculator. Noobs don't even know where to look to find the speed of the green, whereas good players know where to look and know exactly how to adjust the power of their putts to compensate for a fast or slow green. Noobs don't use spin on approach shots, but good players use spin all the time. It isn't magic... it's trial-and-error and brainpower. We think and play completely different. Barring some severe physical impairment that causes terrible aim clicks, if you aren't getting results, it's because you're doing it wrong. If I didn't change shot type from chip to pitch, know how to adjust for green speed, use backspin, use a calculator, use a ruler, etc., my average would probably be around 85. It's technique and effort (going to the calculator for every shot) that gives me my 59-61 average.